IWJ: B2 N10-9
Study these sentences:
弟が[] 母に お金を もらいました。(弟←母) SOURCE ("from〜"). 弟が[
] 友だちに お金を あげました。(弟→友だち) INDIRECT OBJECT ("to〜").
Also,
弟が 母に お金を かりました。(弟←母)
SOURCE ("from〜").
弟が 友だちに お金を かしました。(弟→友だち)
INDIRECT OBJECT ("to〜").
In the examples above,
represents the
whereabouts of the speaker's empathy (point of view): You may
say either
to describe the same incident. Your choosing one expression or another implicitly reveals which of the two parties you feel a stronger empathy with at the moment of utterance. In other words, you are narrating the world from her/his point of view. In many instances, the empathy is with the sentence subject. [Empathy does NOT entail that you morally or affectively support the party.] Discourse context often influences the whereabouts of the empathy.
For example,
A similar phenomenon is observed in English as well. You can say either,
or
depending on from whose perspective you want to narrate the situation.
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GIVERが |
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RECEIVERに |
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ITEMを |

先生に 本を さしあげます。(TO A SUPERIOR)。 ともだちに 本を あげます
。(TO AN EQUAL STATUS PERSON)。 はなに 水を やります
。(TO A LOWER-STATUS PERSON/OBJECT)
私が[](は) 姉に 本をあげます。(OUTGOING) 姉が[
] 山本さんに 本をあげます。(OUTGOING) 兄が[
] 姉に 本をあげます。(NEUTRAL) 山本さんが[
] 田中さんに 本をあげます。(NEUTRAL)
vs.
山本さんが 姉に[] 本をくれます。(INCOMING)。 姉が 私に[
] 本をくれます。(INCOMING)。
Note that in くれる sentences the speaker's empathy is with the recipient (object), rather than the giver (subject).
Because of this empathy, you can never use わたし as the subject of くれる/くださる ins a main clause.
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| Affirmative |
くださる |
くださった |
くださいます |
くださいました |
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| Negative |
くださらない |
くださらなかった |
くださいません |
くださいませんでした |
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Note that the [r] sound drops in formal forms. ([kudasari...] -> [kudasai...]).
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RECEIVER が |
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GIVER に/から |
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ITEMを |

先生に 本を いただきます。(FROM A SUPERIOR)。 ともだちに 本を もらいます
。(FROM AN EQUAL STATUS PERSON)。
Note that it is not allowed to use a receiving verb (e.g., もらう) in the main clause when the giver is わたし , or its equivalent; you have to use a giving verb (e.g., あげる) instead.
A similar phenomenon is observed in English as well:
Last updated on 2000/11/07 (Y/M/D)
Copyright SASAKI, Y.
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